Empirical Investigation of Structural Breaks †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Disacuss about the Empirical Investigation of Structural Breaks. Answer: Presentation: IMF viability is subject to whether the players consider it to be fair and skillful. As per the article, IMF resembles a ref directing a football coordinate where it depends if the players consider it to be fair-minded and skilled (Eun and Resnick, 2014). The adequacy of this foundation are restricted by inability to address its difficulties. As a counsel, the organizations unprejudiced nature is raised doubt about in light of the fact that it doesnt consistently recognize what to prompt. As per the article, there are four difficulties that represent a danger to the authenticity of the IMF and hence the foundations ability to execute its primary capacities (Kirton, 2009). Sorting out reconnaissance through which the foundation screens arrangements made by its part nations both money related and financial approaches is the first neglected test. This features potential dangers to prompts that are required on strategy alterations. The assets unique order was to concentrate on participating in savage truth advising that would make trade rates to be steady. In any case, the reconnaissance moved from the primary focal point of trade rates issues to basically everything and anything with suggestions for money related and financial soundness (Levi, 2016). There is not, at this point the unpolished truth telling as visualized and this can be obviously demonstrated in light of the fact that the reserve didn't caution the U.S of the subprime emergency , the Greek obligation emergency or the worldwide money related emergency. On the three occasions, the IMF batted 0 to 3 demonstrated that it has no ability to feature dangers to security. The second neglected test is the restriction that IMF gives its credits out with. This is the dedication that administrations makes as far as strategy so as to get help (Imf., 2016). The differences comes in when inquiries of the quantity of duties and what sort of responsibilities that the IMF asks from the legislatures. This is on the grounds that in a portion of the responsibilities , the IMF encroaches on the power of the part nation thus as per the article, the part nations don't see the IMF establishment as an organization that is over here attempting to advance the government assistance of the individual part states (Hartley, 2011). On the off chance that the IMF and the part nation have comparative targets , for what reason are there conditions set in any case. The third neglected test is that there is contradiction about the job of IMF in sovereign obligation the board. This test is made by the nonappearance of a legitimate system that is expected to determine obligation emergencies , additionally adding to this test is the presence of various partners and exchange costs that are critical. Disarray is achieved when we consider the structure that association should take (O'brien, 2017). IMF ought to give liquidity help when the obligation that a part nation holds is practical yet private financial specialists can't give coordination in the arrangement of liquidity required and they possibly encourage to obligation rebuild when the weight of obligation is unreasonable. Profound inquiries emerges when proclamations about whether obligation manageability idea is important and whether the IMF can decide a part states supportable obligation. In thinking about this vulnerabilities, the foundation has kept on loaning to its part states and put off the rebuilding choice. This model permits speculators to make an ethical peril and cut their misfortunes. This is on the grounds that rebuilding disturbs the economy and is additionally exorbitant for the nation. The fourth neglected test as indicated by the article is fairness issue by the reserve which is an issue raise because of administration issues (Grath, 2005). At the point when individuals have unbalanced voice which empowers some part states to influence dynamic and settle on choices that are in accordance with their national intrigue, this is viewed as though the organization isn't fractional. A portion of the choice made by some part expresses that have a great deal of impact are at chances with both the enthusiasm of the steadiness of the IMF and its participation. Additionally, a few individuals are insufficiently spoken to and they see the choices made by the assets as ignoring their inclinations. Subsequently, the different sides are hesitant to give IMF the self-rule in picking strategies and structuring programs. The disappointment by the IMF to address the four difficulties makes its fair-mindedness and fitness be inquiries by the individuals who censure its usual way of do ing things (Bodie and Merton, 2001). The assets powerlessness to comprehend these difficulties drives individuals to scrutinize its authenticity as per the article. Authenticity decides whether the legislatures and their electorates will to curve to its position and acknowledge its suggestions. As per political scholars, authenticity has two sources. The publics appraisal about the exhibition of the Fund is alluded to as yield authenticity. In the event that the assets exhortation gets great outcomes, at that point the operators would recognize its power. Second, input authenticity alludes to the procedure through which force is practiced and choices are reached. The initial three difficulties , that is , observation, restriction significance and the utility of the assets way to deal with obligation issues can be tackled through yield authenticity (Costa, 2006). Then again, the fourth test which is the assets inability to embrace an arrangement of administration brings up issues about its information authenticity. The authenticity issue should be explained with the goal that the reserve can be compelling in its command. Today, there are a few speculations that clarify the arrangement of the conversion standard and the idea of its elements. Along these lines, one of the most renowned hypotheses is the hypothesis of buying power equality (or capacity) (Power Purchasing Parity). As indicated by this teaching, the paces of any two monetary forms must be balanced coordinated by the adjustment in the value levels in these two nations. A straightforward model gives a thought of the activity of PPP hypothesis and International Fishers impact Summarizing, it very well may be brought up that the cash buying power equality tenet can be a decent instrument for guaging the conversion standard gave there are huge contrasts in the value levels of the nations being looked at (Shapiro, 2014). The precision of the conversion scale conjecture is a subordinate of the exactness of the gauge of value levels in the two nations, and consequently the time scope of applying the standards of PPP is estimated from one to five years. The gauge rate for a time of short of what one year isn't defended for the failure to dispose of numerous arbitrary factors in the primary pattern of the improvement of the wonder. This is the nearness of a slack between value changes and acclimations to this conversion standard, and intra-yearly occasional and conjunctural variances. Gauges for beyond what five years can have a critical blunder. The PPP hypothesis has rather restricted estimating potential outcomes, gives a thought of the requirements for long haul conduct of trade rates, yet can not clarify the run-up of rates for brief periods. The way to understanding the conduct of the swapping scale in the present moment is thought monetary standards that structure the conversion scale from the situation of the benefit showcase and the hypothesis of interest for resources (Manzur, 2008). The cutting edge way to deal with the advantage showcase focuses on that, for brief periods (not exactly a year), the choice to claim residential or outside resources (that is, money in national or remote cash) will assume an a lot more prominent job in deciding the conversion standard than the interest for fare or import merchandise. Those. send out import streams are considered as auxiliary conversion standard components. As per the hypothesis of interest for resources, th e most significant factor that influences the interest for local (national) and remote cash (this time we consider the non-money type of money) is the normal profit for these advantages comparative with one another companion The normal salary for the store of a specific money in the exchange to outside money comprises of the financing cost of this money and its normal value (+) or devaluation (- ). When, for instance, Americans or outsiders expect that the pay on dollar stores will be higher than the pay on stores in euros, at that point the interest for dollar stores will be higher and, as needs be, the lower one for stores in euros This will urge speculators to change over assets into current resources. By and by, toward the finish of the venture time frame, they may cause swapping scale misfortunes e changes in the conversion scale, which, with an overflow, will hinder the intrigue salary. To forestall such misfortunes, financial specialists must go into fixed-term contracts, I. concurrences with the recovery of money, at the pace of spot in addition to the premium earned on the contributed resources. These understandings from premium exchange is an associating join between the distinction in financing costs of the national currency markets of the two nations and the forward paces of the separate monetary forms (Madura, 2012). This connection goes about as the premise of the hypothesis of intrigue equality. To comprehend the component of the activity of this hypothesis, one ought to think about its formalized structure. Buying power equality is a monetary hypothesis that expresses that individuals in a given nation ought to have the option to purchase administrations and products at a value that is like individuals from another nation. The hypothesis expresses that once the swapping scale contrast is represented, at that point all the costs of products and enterprises would be the equivalent. The capacity of buying power is delineated by genuine per capita spending. The reason for computing PPP utilized by associations, for example, UNDP is Gross National Product (GNP) (Olekalns, 2001). Since GNP can't be looked at straightforwardly, an International Comparison Project (ICP) is shaped which means to change the genuine GDP rate, so it very well may be thought about. For this reason for existing is resolved various wares as a bundle for the premise of correlation globally. The subsequent number, to mirror the s

Use of Remote Sensing for Development by the Indian Space Research Essay - 1

Utilization of Remote Sensing for Development by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) - Essay Example National improvement regularly requires a far reaching overview of the accessible normal assets in a nation. This will assist with streamlining the administration and supportability of the accessible assets by utilizing the qualities of remote detecting (Navalgund et al, 2007). India as a nation has grasped remote detecting being developed exercises through different establishments, for example, the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in different fields, for example, farming, water assets the executives, the board of woods and environments, environmental change and urban arranging. These regions where ISRO has utilized the utilization of remote detecting for improvement exercises are as examined underneath. Farming regularly bolsters 60 % of the all out populace of India and ordinarily contributes about 2.5 % of the (GDP) of the nation. Remote detecting methods have been broadly utilized as an apparatus for development on crop creation by giving answers for the present issues. A joint activity between the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Agriculture assets stock and study analyze (ARISE) and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has been utilized to conjecture the creation of yields in the nation. Elevated shading infrared photos were utilized to gauge the real esatate of harvests in the area of Anantapur and in Patiala region of Punjab (Navalgund et al, 2007). In the year 1986, an undertaking alluded to as the yield real esatate and creation estimation was made under the umbrella of remote detecting application missions.  The CAPE venture gave the region level conjecture of creation of all the significant harvests in India including Wheat, rice, sorghum, cott on, and groundnuts. The real esatate of land under each harvest was evaluated utilizing satellite symbolism got utilizing remote detecting procedures.

Biography of Psychologist David Kolb

Biography of Psychologist David Kolb More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming David Kolb is a psychologist and educational theorist who is perhaps best known for his theory of experiential learning. In addition to developing a theory that outlined how experiential learning takes place, Kolb is also known for his learning style inventory that remains quite popular among educators today, including: Experiential learning theoryKolbs learning stylesKolbs learning style inventory Brief Biography of David Kolb David Kolb was born in 1939. He earned his undergraduate degree in 1961 from Knox College. He then went on to earn his Ph.D. in social psychology from Harvard University. Today, he is a Professor of Organizational Behavior in the Weatherhead School of Management at Case Western Reserve University. Career Kolb is an American psychologist and educational theorist. He is perhaps best known for his research on experiential learning and learning styles. According to Kolb, experiential learning is a process by which knowledge results from different combinations of grasping and transforming experiences. We can grasp experience two different ways; through concrete experience and abstract conceptualization. People can then transform experience in two ways; through reflective observation or active experimentation. This process is often portrayed as a cycle. Kolbs theory of experiential learning also serves as the basis for his four learning styles. Each of the four learning styles is characterized by strengths in two of the four major steps of the learning cycle. People with a converging learning style prefer to learning through abstract conceptualization and active experimentation.Those with a diverging learning style prefer concrete experience and reflective observation.The assimilating style is associated with abstract conceptualization and reflective observation.The accommodating learning style is linked to concrete experience and active experimentation. While learning styles remain a fairly controversial and oft-debated area within psychology and education, Kolbs theory has emerged as one of the most popular and widely used. Selected Publications Kolb, A. Y., Kolb, D. A. (2011). Kolb Learning Style Inventory 4.0 Boston MA: Hay Group.Kolb, A. Y., Kolb, D. A. (2010). Learning to Play, Playing to Learn: A Case Study of a Ludic Learning Space (1 ed., vol. 23, pp. 26-50). Journal of Organizational Change Management.Kolb, A. Y., Kolb, D. A. (2009). In Armstrong, S. J. Fukami, C. (Ed.), Experiential Learning Theory: A Dynamic, Holistic Approach to Management Learning, Education and Development (pp. 50). London: Sage Publications Handbook of Management Learning, Education and Development.Kolb, D. A., Boyatzis, R. E., Mainemelis, C. (2000). Experiential Learning Theory: Previous Research and New Directions. Perspectives on Cognitive, Learning, and Thinking Styles. Sternberg Zhang (Eds.). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

exploring rhetorical modes 2 Essays - 739 Words

University of Phoenix Material Exploring Rhetorical Modes Rhetorical Modes Worksheet Chart Complete the following worksheet on rhetorical modes for academic essays using the information shared in â€Å"Use Effective Methods of Development† in The Everyday Writer Plus. Rhetorical Mode Explain in your own words (using complete sentences) when a writer would use this mode. Narrative Narrative is telling a story to someone with a lot of detail. Description Description writing paints a picture with vivid details. Definition Definition is defining a word or concept. Process Process is when you write something in a certain order, like a timeline. Problem and solution Problem and solution gives a detailed plan on how the problem can be†¦show more content†¦Complete the following chart using your selected rhetorical mode in order to narrow down a topic and create a clear path to Week 2 assignments. Question: Your response, in at least 25 words using complete sentences: Which rhetorical mode (comparison and contrast, cause and effect, and persuasive) are you using for your essay? Why? I chose to do cause and effect for my essay. I think it will fit best with the topic I chose- The effect domestic violence has on children. In your own words, define the mode you chose. Cause and effect is more descriptive in my opinion. Also shows readers just like it says the cause and effect of a topic. How is an essay for this rhetorical mode organized (i.e. what does it include, etc.)? You would have the cause first than show the effect with tons of detail and information. Using the examples from the chapters provided on your mode of choice, share a topic choice of your own that would work well for this mode (feel free to explore multiple topics, if desired). The effect domestic violence has on children Domestic Violence Alcoholism Why would you like to explore this topic further? I was abused and saw my siblings get abused as well. Its apart of my past so I would like to explore this topic further. In order to narrow it down properly, discuss what aspect of this topic will you focus on (i.e. what specifically would you like your readers to learn from your essay)? I want them to learnShow MoreRelatedThe Main Characteristics Of Emerson s Ideal Education1044 Words   |  5 Pagesare two main factors that must be balanced in education. The two facts are â€Å"Genius and Drill.† Emerson thinks in an ideal educational setting students will be rewarded for exploring new material. Drill is needed to balance the student. In order to maximize the learning of the student they must follow certain rules of society. 2. Emerson gives ideas that would be extraordinarily helpful for a child’s first teacher. When a child enters school for the first time they are very nervous. They have neverRead MoreBeyond Visual Metaphor. a New Typology of Visual Rhetoric in Advertising9528 Words   |  39 Pagescom/content/4/1-2/113 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Marketing Theory can be found at: Email Alerts: http://mtq.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://mtq.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://mtq.sagepub.com/content/4/1-2/113.refs.html Downloaded from mtq.sagepub.com by Silvia Dumitru on October 11, 2010 Volume 4(1/2): 113–136Read More John Donnes The Sun Rising Essay example2262 Words   |  10 Pagesoverall theme: the centrality of human love amidst a permanent physical universe. In an essay entitled John Donne, Achsah Guibbory supports this reading of the poem, stating, The world of love contains everything of value; it is the only one worth exploring and possessing. Hence the microcosmic world of love becomes larger and more important than the macrocosm (135). [T]he lovers room, Toshihiko Kawasaki observes similarly, is a microcosm because it is private and self-contained, categoricallyRead MoreContemporary American Poetry and Its Public Worlds Essay8159 Words   |  33 Pageswait for the advent of a new species of philosophers, such as somehow another and converse taste and propensity from those we have known so far--philosophers of the dangerous maybe in every sense. (Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, sec 2.) This will not be one more lament for the sad state of contemporary American poetry. Yet to define some of the basic strengths of new work I have to begin with what seems like a lament. For perhaps the most important invigorating element for contemporariesRead MoreCreativity in Literacy Practices2398 Words   |  10 Pages THEY DIFFER IN THE WAY THE WAY THAT THEY CONCEPTUALIZE WHAT COUNTS AS CREATIVENESS OR ‘LITERARINESS’ IN LANGUAGE AS WELL AS IN THE METHODS THEY USE TO IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE CREATIVITY IN EVERYDAY LANGUAGE. This essay begins by discussing and exploring the premises of an analysis of creativity at text level following a textual approach to literacy and creativity; assessing the extent to which it is effective in identify creativity in literacy practices such as diaries, letters and graffiti. HoweverRead MoreCreativity in Literacy Practices2408 Words   |  10 PagesCREATIVITY. THEY DIFFER IN THE WAY THE WAY THAT THEY CONCEPTUALIZE WHAT COUNTS AS CREATIVENESS OR ‘LITERARINESS’ IN LANGUAGE AS WELL AS IN THE METHODS THEY USE TO IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE CREATIVITY IN EVERYDAY LANGUAGE. This essay begins by discussing and exploring the premises of an analysis of creativity at text level following a textual approach to literacy and creativity; assessing the extent to which it is effective in identify creativity in literacy practices such as diaries, letters and graffiti. HoweverRead More Virginia Woolfs Jacobs Room - Jacob Flanders, Many Things to Many Readers4383 Words   |  18 Pagesone-to-one mimetic method of conventional Victorian and Edwardian realism. Uniquely self-conscious and conscious of self, Woolf was attracted to exploring new modes of characterization, fictional consciousness, and epistemology. She is especially interested in exploring the nature, communication, and limits of fictional knowledge. Woolfs idiosyncratic mode of characterization in Jacobs Room is the epistemological complement in fiction to Eliots formula for emotional expression in poetry, the objectiveRead More The Primacy of Poetry: On Tita Chico’s The Arts of Beauty: Womenâ⠂¬â„¢s Cosmetics and Pope’s Ekphrasis1812 Words   |  8 Pagesanchor the origins of her argument, but she immediately addresses their respective limitations. She gently criticizes other scholars for privileging the purely social aspects of Rape, thereby neglecting the implications of Pope’s aesthetic form. Exploring poetic form with particular attention to ekphrastic representation and the mock-epic genre enables Chico to extrapolate social significance and assert that aesthetic choice signifies Pope’s concern regarding the inherent value of different arts.Read MoreCard 405- Rough Draft Portfolio1921 Words   |  8 Pages Education 1. Plan of Study DeVry University Sherman Oaks, CA Business Administration concentration Health Services Management BSBA candidate June 2013 Dean’s List 2. Course Description ACCT 212 Financial Accounting This course focuses on ways in which financial statements reflect business operations and emphasizes use of financial statements in the decision-making process. The course encompasses all businessRead More The Relationship of Photographs, History, and Memory Essay5378 Words   |  22 Pagesphotographer and subject to the fragility of a shared moment and to a realization of lifes uncertainties. Photographs are also cultural products, and others have theorized the photograph in ways that reflect the role and function of photographs as a mode of communication in the cultural and political apparatus. They focus on the ideological in cultural theory in the context of theories of culture and cultural production (Berger, 1980; Burgin, 1982; Mitchell, 1994). Thus, photography as cultural or

The Himalayas As A Barrier For The World - 909 Words

One Better Village to Live for All of Us Some historians believe that the Himalayas acted as a barrier for the last five thousand years, separating civilized development in China from the rest of the world. (China kept much to herself until about two hundred years ago. Then the British, using gunpowder invented by the Chinese, forced the door to China wide open to the West, starting the most humiliating chapter in Chinese history and the interactions with the rest of the world). Developments in China and the West progressed at a similar pace, despite their engaging in little intellectual communications. Great thinkers emerged in both parts of the world about 2500 years ago, paving the way for their respective civilizations to develop culturally and intellectually, albeit taking completely different approaches. Confucius (born 551 BC) is the most influential figure in the Chinese history. His thoughts and those of his followers laid the foundation, â€Å"the foundation is Confucian ethics† described by Fung Yu-Lan in A History of Chinese Philosophy. This is fundamentally different from the major civilizations in other parts of the world, where traditional religions have played more dominant roles in the course of development. â€Å"We are not religious because we are philosophical,† from A History of Chinese Philosophy, for example, death often plays mysterious roles in almost all forms of religions, but not in the mind of Confucius. When facing a question about the meaningShow MoreRelatedThe Himalayas As A Barrier For The World898 Words   |  4 PagesSome historians believe that the Himalayas acted as a barrier for the last five thousand years, separating civilized development in China from the rest of the world. (China kept much to herself until about two hundred ye ars ago. Then the British, using gunpowder invented by the Chinese, forced the door to China wide open to the West, starting the most humiliating chapter in Chinese history). Developments in China and the West progressed at a similar pace, despite their engaging in little intellectualRead MoreEssay on Geography of India955 Words   |  4 Pagesto the north, and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. It is divided into three categorical geographic regions: the Gangetic Plain, the plateau region in the south, the Himalayan region in the north, which contains some of the highest mountains in the world and a central part. India has a population of 1,027,015,247 than speaks a whopping seventeen different languages. India has several religions but six major religions are Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jinism. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;UnderRead MoreThe Importance of Geography to Chinese History1249 Words   |  5 Pagesof the world. Great geographic influences included the treacherous mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas, and the prosperous river valleys, such as the Yangtze and the Huang he. Lack of cultural diffusion is primarily due to the fact that China, for hundreds of years, had little to no outside contact or cultural diffusion with other civilizations of that time. The culprit behind this lack of interaction is primarily China’s many mountain ranges. These massive mountains, such as the Himalayas, providedRead MoreRein Evans. Mr. Jennings. World Geography (H) 3Rd Hour1217 Words   |  5 PagesRein Evans Mr. Jennings World Geography (H) 3rd Hour 11 April 2017 Chapter 30 Summary Brittan ruled over India calling it the British raj which is the Hindu word for empire. Through the peaceful nonviolent protest of the Indian people led by Mohandas K Gandhi India won its independence in 1947. Brian divided the country into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. Buddhist monks fleeing Tibet in 800 AD. Were the first recorded ruling elite in the region of Bhutan. The lama or highest level of monks ruleRead MoreEssay on HISTORY1490 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Name: Date: Graded Assignment Final Exam Part 2 I. Map On this world map, indicate the following features: Amazon Rainforest Panama Canal The Himalayas The Ring of Fire The Mississippi River The Gobi Desert (10 points) II. Graphic Organizer Fill in the table below about these five major world religions. Do not fill in the shaded boxes. (10 points) Religion Name at least one Holy Text How do you achieve enlightment? Describe their view about the afterlife. HinduismRead MoreImpact Of Geography On China Ancient China1080 Words   |  5 PagesOf Geography On China Ancient China is one of the oldest and longest lasting civilizations in the world. The Ancient Chinese have thrived for thousands of years because of the geography, their skills, and their talents. Throughout history, rivers such as the Yangtze and Huang He rivers made China thrive for thousands of years. While other features such as deserts and mountains like the Gobi, Himalayas, and the Taklimakan isolated the Chinese and kept other civilizations from culturally diffusing intoRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1661 Words   |  7 PagesThe greater Himalayas hold the largest mass of ice outside Polar Regions and are the source of the ten largest rivers in Asia. Rapid reduction in the volume of Himalayan glaciers due to climate change is occurring, (Wilkes Eriksson, 2009). With a highly heterogeneous geography, the region has a great climatic variability and forms a barrier to atmospheric circulation for the summer monsoon and winter westerlies. The regions climatic zones contain a rich diversity of species and ecosystems thatRead MoreClimate change Adaptation Planning: Tourism industry in the Himalaya Region732 Words   |  3 PagesThe Himalayas is a vital region that facilitates mountain tourism to a number of countries including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bhutan, China, India and Nepal. The unique landscape and scenery of Himalayas is the main attraction to tourist activities in this region. Tourism industry is one of the major contributors to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment. As an example, tourism sector contributes 9.4% of GDP and 8.2% of total employment in 2012 for Nepal. (World Travel Tourism Council 2013)Read MoreThe Aerial Migration Of The Bar Headed Goose2007 Words   |  9 Pagesresponse to a mountain barrier Introduction Every year, birds of all types around the world are forced to migrate between breeding and wintering grounds as a survival mechanism. Seasonal variations in climate greatly impact conditions of life for birds, forcing them to brave these journeys despite the threat of predators and harsh conditions along the way (Alerstam Christie, 1993). To make their journeys even more difficult, birds often encounter large mountain barriers on their routes, forcingRead MoreThe Silk Road1345 Words   |  6 Pagesroutes had a strong impact that they lasted for over 1000 years. The greatness of both nations and their accomplishments economically are astonishing and have changed the history of the world through culture, war, disease, religion, and technology. Culturally the spread of languages and major religions in the world today traversed the Silk Road including Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. Also, the scope of ideas and inventions like the crossbows, sail designs, infrastructure, an d government

Non-Residential Construction Market In Central Europe Free Essays

Investors, developers and other professionals involved in the industry need a comprehensive source of data, insightful analysis and reliable forecasts to help them navigate the Netscape and locate the prospects that are most beneficial for their unique business needs. Browse Full Report With TCO: http://www. Nonrepresentational. We will write a custom essay sample on Non-Residential Construction Market In Central Europe or any similar topic only for you Order Now Blob/analyses-details/ non-residential for-2014-2019 Non-residential construction market in Central Europe 2014, Development forecasts for 2014-2019 Is precisely that type of publication. The perfect business intelligence resource for use when launching new business operations, locating projects for participation or effecting a merger or calculation In this market, the report also resents strong and accurate forecasts for the market and each of its noteworthy segments. This document provides in-depth descriptions of current conditions as they exist in the overall Central European non-residential construction market and in the individual markets and segments In seven countries: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia. It presents data on value, structure and total numbers of building permits issued for the overall markets and for the non- residential construction sectors in each country, along with detailed forecasts for development. To Download Full Report with TCO: http://www. Nonrepresentational. Blob/sample/ sample/206558 Browse the market prospects and upcoming new construction and renovation projects planned for office buildings, professional services spaces, retail areas and industrial and warehouse structures. Read about the leading contractors in each country and study the plans of regional commercial real estate developers to build, renovate and reposes structures to match the needs of new and existing business European region. Explore the market for office space in each of these seven countries and find out which top investors are driving growth, and evaluate the retail sector in terms of plans for new, modern structures and renovation of existing spaces to fit the specific requirements of a variety of customers. Review Non-residential construction market in Central Europe 2014, Development forecasts for 2014-2019 for a clear understanding of recent, current and forecast trends and events that promise to alter the shape of growth in this sector of the construction market. Whether preparing to launch a new business, evaluate the prospects for future earnings, estimating the market share of a particular company r effecting a merger or acquisition in any of the segments of markets in these seven Central European countries, this report helps professionals to approach business planning from a confident perspective. To Read Complete Report with TCO: http://www. Nonrepresentational. Biz/analysis/ 206558 Especially valuable to contractors, producers of building materials and equipment and design and project management specialists, the client list for this publication also includes business consultants, financial and investment professionals, academic ND government institutions and trade and industry organizations that promote the non-residential construction industries in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia. How to cite Non-Residential Construction Market In Central Europe, Papers

OHMs Law and Circuits

Abstract The purpose is to understand Ohm’s law and simple series circuit that has resistors and diodes. This simple circuit leads to establishment of relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in various devious. Data obtained after performing the experiment are inserted in a graph with a view of deducing whether data fit. To execute this experiment, ammeter, voltmeter, resistors, and diodes are required. A series connection is then done and values obtained by reading measuring devices.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on OHM’s Law and Circuits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theory It is essential to note that circuits, regardless of whether they have resistors, contain some form of resistance. Voltage drop across a resistor in a simple series circuit is usually equal to the voltage supplied into the circuit from the source. Contrary to voltage that reduces in the circuit, current is not affected. This means that current before a resistor is the same as current after the resistor. To obtain current in the circuit, voltage applied and circuit resistance is measured and the result used to find current using ohm’s law given by: V=IR. When conducting the experiment, there is need to note that ammeters have internal resistance. Total resistance under such a scenario, both internal resistance and circuit resistance are added together i.e. RTotal=Rcircuit+Rammeter. In view of the fact that internal resistance is very small and negligible, it can be ignored. However, a parallel connection tempers with current flow owing to the reason that small value of internal resistance results in high current flow in the circuit. On the other hand, voltmeters are connected parallel to the load since their resistance is high thus will not temper with the circuit. If connected in series, circuit resistance is increased consequently lowering current flow in the entire circuit. Ohmic resistors assume a linear graph when a graph of voltage vs current is plotted. Conversely, data obtained from non-ohmic resistors are exponential in nature. In non-ohmic resistors, resistance change in response to applied current. Under certain range of temperatures, ohmic resistors behave like non-ohmic. When a diode is included in a circuit, forward or reverse bias, current is allowed to flow in only a single direction. Essentially, a reverse bias connection will allow current to flow only when large voltage is applied. Procedure The first step was to set voltmeter at 200-volt DCV range and ammeter at 200 DCMA range. After connecting the circuit as shown by the left circuit in figure 1 below, voltage drop across the resistor was adjusted to one volt. The corresponding current was recorded. This procedure was repeated at an interval of one volt until ten data points. Using the data obtained, voltage in volts Vs current in amperes was plotted. Through calculation, the slope or grad ient of the graph indicated resistance of a resistor. Advertising Looking for report on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 1: Circuit with 100-ohm resistor and a bulb The second connection was done using a bulb as shown in figure 2 below. Starting with a voltage of one volt, voltage was adjusted until 20 points had been recorded. In each data point, corresponding resistance was calculated. Voltage Vs Current was also plotted and slope at each point calculated. Figure 2: circuit with a bulb The third step was a circuit connection with a forward biased diode included as shown in figure 3. Voltage was applied starting with 0.1 volts and increased at an interval of 0.1 volts. Figure 3: Forward biased diodeAdvertising We will write a custom report sample on OHM’s Law and Circuits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fourth circuit connection was a reverse diode shown in figure 4 below. Applied voltage was varied at an interval of 2 volts starting with 1 volt. Ten data points were recorded to aid in analysis. Figure 4: Reverse biased diode circuit This report on OHM’s Law and Circuits was written and submitted by user Galilea B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Lift Every Voice and Sing essays

Lift Every Voice and Sing essays "Lift Every Voice And Sing" is a high-spirited gospel song that was written by the famous black poet and civil rights leader, James Welden Johnson. Performed by Melba Moore and a few others, I downloaded a version of the song to play. Originally in honor to celebrate Lincoln's birthday, it was performed in a Florida school to children who were being educated in a segregated environment. I happen to think it also has something to do with Martin Luther King Jr. and the marches he led in order to overcome discrimination and prejudice. Indeed, this song can be considered uplifting and courageous to the people that think God has left them during their times of trial. Specifically, this message focuses on the hard times of African Americans, during segregation and slavery. The speaker is someone who is trying to be inspirational and uplifting to those who need it. The audience is not only concentrated on blacks that went through or viewed hate crimes, but also to anyone that has felt the t errible burden of intolerance and hatred. The writer of this song entitled it "Lift Every Voice And Sing" because of the fact that he's telling all blacks to do the very same thing. Blacks were told to be quiet when they were slaves; they were there for service. Moreover, blacks were to be seen, not heard, like children. James is telling blacks to speak up, not to be ignored, or disregarded. His plea is to empower the oppressed so that the world is forced to notice the beauty and integrity of you as a person, as a fellow human being. The first stanza and chorus of "Lift Every Voice and Sing" reads: Ring with the harmonies of liberty; Let it resound loud as the rolling sea In this stanza, James is advising blacks to let people know they're here. The lines "Till earth and heaven ring, Ring with the harmonies of liberty;" (1.2-3) encourages blacks to make sure everyone hears what they have to say. It's also telling them that their words can teac...

Can You Take the SAT Online A Guide to Computerized Testing

Can You Take the SAT Online A Guide to Computerized Testing SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips As appealing as the option might sound, you can’t take the SAT online- it must be administered on paper at a designated test center. However, there are a lot of SAT prep resources available online and some alternate testing options for those who are unable to take the test under standard circumstances. This post will explain when it will be possible to take the SAT on a computer and what that will look like, as well as what resources are open to you in the meantime. The Current Online Testing Situation The SAT is not currently offered online, but the College Board is supposedly planning to offera computerized version of the redesigned 2016 testat some point in the future. There are no concrete dates as of yet. The ACT has already started administering some tests on the computer, though so far only through school districts. If you sign up for the test yourself, you'll still be taking it on paper. Despite thesechanges, there’s unlikely to ever be at-home online testing (at least not any time soon). For one thing, it would be impossible to guarantee that the testing experience is standardized. (Of course there’s some variation between testing rooms, but it’s much less than the variation between people’s homes.) More importantly, it would be really, really easy to cheat. What Computerized TestingWill Look Like We've covered howonline testing won't work, but you might still be wondering what taking the SAT on a computerwillbe like. Though it's impossible to know for sure, I'll offer some predictions based on the computerized ACT and GRE. You'll Still Have a Set Test Date and Location Assuming that the College Board uses the same structure as ACT, Inc., the computerized testwill be administered at set test centers and on specific dates. You'll use the test center's computers, which will be set up to lock out all programs except the test, and you'll be expectedto follow all the same rules that apply to the SAT now (no cellphones!). It Will Look a Lot Like the Khan Academy Practice Tests As I'll describe in more depth below, the College Board has partnered with Khan Academy to provide free SAT practice online, including online practice tests. The formatis very similar to the GRE, a computerized test also administered by ETS. See the images below to get a sense of the format. Reading Youcan see the total time in the top left and the time remaining in the top right. Each page includes one passage (on the left) and its associated questions (on the right). On the bottom, directions are on the left and navigation is on the right. Writing Writing looks pretty much the same as Reading - just slightly different introductory text. Math Since there are no passages, each math question is on its own page. There's also more information in the bottom left, including a link to the formulas provided with the test. You'll Use a Word Processor for the Essay Probably the biggest upside of taking the SAT on a computeris the ability to type the essay. This can be hugely helpful to students who are more comfortable on the computer,but keep in mind that,unlike a regular word processor, the testwon't automatically check your spelling or grammar. As you can see,the computerized SAT ultimatelywon't bethat different from its paper incarnation. SAT Resources That Are Available Online Even though you can’t take the actual test online, the College Board offers tons of SAT information and resources on their website. You can: Register for the test View your score report Send scores to colleges Trypractice problems The College Board also offers a free test prep program through Khan Academy. It includesfull official practice tests, extrapractice questions, and helpful math review videos. Unfortunately, it doesn't offer much guidance for the reading and writing sections, so I would recommend supplementing it with a more strategy-focused guide. There are also a lot of unofficial SAT materials, of varying quality, available online. PrepScholar has both excellent free resources (just scroll through the topics on the right sidebar to find what you're looking for) and a best-in-class adaptive SAT prep program. TestingAccommodations If you were hoping to take the ACT online because you have a learning difficulty or physical disability or cannot reach any of the available test centers, the College Board offers accommodations that can make the test more manageable for you. If You Struggle With the Paper Test If you have a learning disability, visual impairment, or other condition that makes the paper format of the test challenging for you, you may qualify for SSD accommodations. Thesecan include using a larger bubble sheet, taking the essaysection on a computer, or even having a scribe record your answers for you. If You Can’t Reach a Test Center If the nearest SAT testing center is more than 75 miles from your home, you can request testing closer to your home. Should the College Board grant your request, they'll set up a more conveniently located testing center. Keep in mind that there are some exceptions: you can't request closer-to-home testing when registering lateor in India and Pakistan. What's Next? Do you have other questions about registering for the SAT? Check out our full guide to the process (with pictures), read up on the admission ticket, and learn how much the test costs. Make sure you know what to expect on test day, including how long the test takes, the test instructions, and the rules you must follow. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Alex Heimbach About the Author Alex is an experienced tutor and writer. Over the past five years, she has worked with almost a hundred students and written about pop culture for a wide range of publications. She graduated with honors from University of Chicago, receiving a BA in English and Anthropology, and then went on to earn an MA at NYU in Cultural Reporting and Criticism. In high school, she was a National Merit Scholar, took 12 AP tests and scored 99 percentile scores on the SAT and ACT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. No spam ever. hbspt.forms.create({ portalId: '360031', formId: '2167ba30-e68e-4777-b88d-8bf3c84579af', formInstanceId: '2', submitButtonClass: 'btn-red-light btn', target: '#hubspot-container2', redirectUrl: 'http://ww2.prepscholar.com/blog-subscribe-thank-you', css: '.post-bottom .hs-form.stacked label {display:none;} .post-bottom .hs-form.stacked .field div.input {padding-top: 55px; padding-left: 300px;} .post-bottom .hs-input {width: 220px} .post-bottom .btn-primary, .hs-button.primary {margin-top:0px; padding-left:350px} .post-bottom .hs-form-field {margin-bottom:5px}' }); $(function(){ $(".exclusive-tip-form #hubspot-container2 label").hide(); }); function replace_tag(a, b){ $(a).each(function(index) { var thisTD = this; var newElement = $(""); $.each(this.attributes, function(index) { $(newElement).attr(thisTD.attributes[index].name, thisTD.attributes[index].value); }); $(this).after(newElement).remove(); }); } $(function(){ replace_tag($(".posts-by-topic h3"), "h2"); }) Ask a Question BelowHave any questions about this article or other topics? Ask below and we'll reply! Search the Blog Search jQuery(function(){ var $ = jQuery; var url = 'http://google.com/search?q=site:' + location.protocol + '//' + location.hostname + ' '; var $searchModule = $('.hs-search-module.fa8fb6a4-3cdb-4383-bcb9-49cf4d9706'); var $input = $searchModule.find('input'); var $button = $searchModule.find('.hs-button.primary'); if (false) { $input.val(decodeURIComponent(location.pathname.split('/').join(' ').split('.').join(' ').split('-').join(' ').split('_').join(''))); } $button.click(function(){ var newUrl = url + $input.val(); var win = window.open(newUrl, '_blank'); if (win) { //Browser has allowed it to be opened win.focus(); } else { //Browser has blocked it location.href = newUrl; } }); $input.keypress(function(e){ if (e.keyCode !== 13) return; e.preventDefault(); $button.click(); }); }); Improve With Our Famous Guides SATPrep ACTPrep For All Students The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 160+ SAT Points How to Get a Perfect 1600, by a Perfect Scorer Series: How to Get 800 on Each SAT Section: Score 800 on SAT Math Score 800 on SAT Reading Score 800 on SAT Writing Series: How to Get to 600 on Each SAT Section: Score 600 on SAT Math Score 600 on SAT Reading Score 600 on SAT Writing Free Complete Official SAT Practice Tests What SAT Target Score Should You Be Aiming For? 15 Strategies to Improve Your SAT Essay The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 4+ ACT Points How to Get a Perfect 36 ACT, by a Perfect Scorer Series: How to Get 36 on Each ACT Section: 36 on ACT English 36 on ACT Math 36 on ACT Reading 36 on ACT Science Series: How to Get to 24 on Each ACT Section: 24 on ACT English 24 on ACT Math 24 on ACT Reading 24 on ACT Science What ACT target score should you be aiming for? ACT Vocabulary You Must Know ACT Writing: 15 Tips to Raise Your Essay Score How to Get Into Harvard and the Ivy League How to Get a Perfect 4.0 GPA How to Write an Amazing College Essay What Exactly Are Colleges Looking For? Is the ACT easier than the SAT? A Comprehensive Guide Should you retake your SAT or ACT? When should you take the SAT or ACT? Michael improved by 370 POINTS! Find Out How Stay Informed Get the latest articles and test prep tips! Looking for Graduate School Test Prep? Check out our top-rated graduate blogs here: GRE Online Prep Blog GMAT Online Prep Blog TOEFL Online Prep Blog

Packaging, Handling, Storage, and Transportation (PHS&T) as Element of Essay

Packaging, Handling, Storage, and Transportation (PHS&T) as Element of International Logistics - Essay Example However, in the recent times the term is used quite often. International logistics involves not only transportation, although transportation is considered to be a significant component of international logistics. There are other elements of the international logistic systems as well such as packaging, storage and handling. Since in the context of international logistics, people generally refer to the goods that move across national borders, this segment of logistics can be identified to be in a category all by itself. (Long, D. C., â€Å"International Logistics: Global Supply Chain Management†). Elements of International Logistics Packaging, Handling, Storage, And Transportation (PHS&T) consists of the resources, design concerns, actions and processes for ensuring that the equipments, systems and the related support items are properly packaged, stored, handled, preserved as well as transported from one place to another (Gabel, â€Å"Logistics Element Manager’s Desk Gui de†). ... Main focus is upon the safe delivery of the goods and services without any potential damage and deterioration of the systems and spares (Gabel, â€Å"Logistics Element Manager’s Desk Guide†). The numerous elements of international logistics such as packaging, storage, handling and transportation include the requirements, the resources, the methods and the considerations for the purpose of ensuring that the equipments and materials as well as related support systems are stored, preserved, handled, packaged, and transported appropriately (Lancioni & Chandran, â€Å"The Role of Packaging in International Logistics†). It is to be remembered that the firms need to have proper planning for the logistics systems to operate smoothly in the international market. The firms are supposed to examine each and every aspect in a proper way. As soon as the shipment leaves the docks of the shippers it takes greater effort for them to control till it reaches the consignee’s location. It has been noticed that the international logistics systems tend to work well in circumstances when all the possible phases have been planned in a systematic manner. One of the significant areas in context of international logistics is packaging. It is to be mentioned that packaging determines the condition at which the product will reach the location of the customers (Lancioni & Chandran, â€Å"The Role of Packaging in International Logistics†). Material handling encompasses various aspects of work in progress, movements of raw materials or finished goods within the plant or in warehouse. Packaging, handling, storage and transportation (PHS&T) plan is generally prepared in order to identify the distribution and the transportation procedures

Geopolitics in the Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Geopolitics in the Middle East - Essay Example Despite the struggles of the advocates of change, with the neo-conservatives envisioning an end for the, sort of chaotic Middle East society, the fight leads to a different scenario than what was expected. Peace is still so elusive, terrorist threats still exist, and instability is still greatly felt. We examined the reasons behind the pitfalls of this political blitzkrieg based on the articles written by Jeffrey Goldberg entitled "After Iraq" and the article "Parties of God: The Bush doctrine and the rise of Islamic Democracy" written by Ken Silverstein. Goldberg generally expressed the fact that the political agenda of the US and its allies are contrary to what Iraq's minority groups and even the rest of the countries in the region are looking for. Silverstein in the other hand expressed the fact that the Bush doctrine and the western democratic system do not fit the Islamic cultures and ways. While the US and the rest of its allies are eyeing to push their own vested interests in the Middle East campaign, the Middle Eastern nations affected by the current transitions in the other hand are looking at it in a different perspective. The war on Iraq was generally aimed at ousting Saddam Hussein, a dictatorial leader, for the major reason of removing a danger to social equality in the region, which Hussein had proven to be a threat, and instate a unified democratic government. . The plans may have been understood plainly by both the allies and Arab compatriots, like the Kurds, Turkey, Egypt, Jordan, and the rest, and laid open for them to work through, but beneath the shadows of their support, the Middle eastern countries, and minority regions within Iraq, are hoping to push through with their own agenda, for their own people, for their leader's interest. Take for example the case of the Kurds. In a personal interview by Jeffrey Goldberg with Abdul Rahman Mustafa, the Kurdish-Iraqi governor of Kirkuk in northern Iraq, considered as domains of the Kurds, it appeared that the Kurds really wanted independence from Iraq (Goldberg 79). The article of Goldberg speak further of other regions in the middle east that wanted to be governed based on their own cultural minority principles such as the "Shiites did not want to be ruled from Baghdad by a Sunni minority"(78), and other minority groups from Egypt, Israel, and other areas want their own sovereignty. In other words, the zeroing in was just superficial. The question is why The answer perhaps lies on the cultural differences between the east and the west, and the way these two civilizations are molded through time. We agree on Goldberg's idea that western democratic strategies don't seem to fit with the Middle Eastern cultures, which are highly diverse. Islam, which is the main religion in the Middle Eastern countries, is a diverse religion with differing principles across different minorities. While the west is generally Christian, although differing in minor teachings, have common core values that has high regard to peace and order. There is no Christian jihad, to cite a particular difference, while the Muslim jihad is primarily exploited by Muslim extremists and used to push their ideals and principles. In the western world, as a common knowledge, governance in civic

Psychological contract breach effects and violation on employees

Psychological contract breach effects and violation on employees Abstract The goal of this study is to examine the influence of personality on the relationship between psychological contract breach and violation and its respective impact on employees work-related outcomes such as turnover intentions and counterproductive work behaviors. In this paper, personality was assessed on the basis of the Five-Factor model of personality (Goldberg, 1990) that is comprised of the following dimensions: Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Emotional Stability and Openness to Experience. Introduction In difficult times when companies must adapt to different changes in the global economic climate work behaviors are of great interest to organizations. In trying to retain the best employees, managers are interested in reducing turnover and preventing counterproductive behaviors. In order to understand employee responses and reactions to the work environment, contracts become vital as they create a behavioral guideline for both the employee and the organization. The psychological contract is a major element of any employee organization relationship, and consists of an employees beliefs concerning the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange agreement between that focal person and another party (Rousseau, 1989, p.123). Employees often feel that their organization has not fulfilled at least some of the promises it has made; and when they do their psychological contract is said to have been breached (Robinson and Rousseau, 1994). Numerous studies have analyzed the consequences of psychological contract breach on employees work-outcomes and generally conclude that there is a positive relationship between psychological contract breach and job dissatisfaction and turnover intentions (Zhao, Wayne, Glibkowski, Bravo, 2007; Bal, de Lange, Jansen and Van der Velde, 2008). Psychological contract violation has been defined as feelings of betrayal and deeper psychological distress à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [whereby]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the victim experiences anger, resentment, a sense of injustice and wrongful harm (Rousseau, 1989, p129). While psychological contract breach may not always lead to undesirable work-related attitudes, it is expected that employees who experience intensely negative feelings might take different measures against the organization they work for (Suazo et al., 2005). This is why in this paper we focus on the role of psychological contract violation as the mediator between psychological contract breach and employees work-related outcomes. But do all people have the same reactions to contract breach or could it be that there are individual differences in personality that lead some employees to react more strongly to psychological contract breach than others? Many authors have investigated the relationship between personality traits and job related outcomes (Judge, Heller and Mount, 2000; Tallman and Bruning, 2008), but there is little research on the relationship between personality and psychological contract breach and violation. Raja, Johns and Ntalianis (2004) is one of the few articles that report on the impact of personality on psychological contracts. These authors found that people high in neuroticism and low in conscientiousness are the ones that are more likely to perceive psychological contract breach. Moreover, the paper revealed that some personality traits moderated the relationship between psychological contract breach and violation. People high in neuroticism tended to perceive a stronger relationship between breach and violation than people high in locus of control. The main focus of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the psychological contract breach and violation relationship by analyzing whether this relationship is moderated by the Five-Factor model of personality (Goldberg, 1990).The study tries to fill in a gap in the existent psychological contract literature by examining the extent to which personality can explain changes in employees attitudes. Compared to other studies in the field, this study focuses on all five personality traits of the Five-Factor model of personality (Goldberg, 1990). This study is structured as follows: the next section describes the current state of the art with respect to psychological contract breach and violation; section three includes the research method and data collection; results will be discussed in section four and the main findings and implications for study and practice along with limitations and suggestions for future research in section five. Literature review and hypotheses The psychological contract As explained in the introduction, the term psychological contract is used to explain the relationship between an employee and an employer and the promises they have made to one another. Many researchers have explained the psychological contract in terms of social exchange theory. This theory (Blau, 1964; Robinson and Morrison, 1995) suggests that individuals enter relationships which consist not only of economic exchanges but also of more diffuse social obligations. These obligations change over time, but research has shown that individuals feel most comfortable when they are in a balanced exchange environment (Gouldner, 1960; Wayne, Shore and Liden, 1997), an environment where they feel that there is a fair equilibrium between what they offer the organization and what they receive in return. When the organization fails to fulfill its promises, employees might feel that there is inequality in the employment relationship (Lester, Turnley, Bloodgood and Bolino, 2003) and might as a result be inclined to take actions to rebalance their work situation, by for example reducing their contribution to the organization (Rousseau, 1995). Psychological contract breach and violation The psychological contract is a subjective perception, so the employee and the organization can possess radically different views of what are the obligations or promises that they have made to one another (Robinson and Rousseau, 1994). This is why often employees feel that their psychological contract has been breached and that the organization has failed in keeping its promises (Robinson and Rousseau, 1994). Although both the employee and the employer can feel that the contract has been breached by the other party, in this paper, as in many investigations on the psychological contract (cf. Zhao et al., 2007) the focus is on the perspective of the employee. In the early phases of research into the psychological contract there was not a very clear distinction between psychological contract breach and psychological contract violation and researchers used these terms interchangeably (Suazo, Turnley, Mai, 2005). In 1997, Robinson and Morrison made a clear distinction between the two. These authors defined psychological contract breach as a cognitive perception, while psychological contract violation was defined as the emotional or affective reaction that can sometimes arise from the perception of a breach of the psychological contract (Morrison and Robinson, 1997). Research has shown that not all breaches lead to emotional reactions on the part of employees (Morrison and Robinson, 1997; Turnley and Feldman, 1999a) because these emotional reactions can be influenced by different individual differences such as personality (Raja et al., 2004) or fairness perceptions (Morrison and Robbinson, 2000), but in those cases where emotional reaction do es occur the employee may have feelings of anger, injustice, resentment and distrust toward the organization that has not honored its promises (Raja, Johns and Ntalianis, 2004). Several studies have linked psychological contract breach to violation. Zhao, Wayne, Glibkowski, Bravo (2007) have summarized these studies and report a meta-analytic correlation of 0.52 (p In line with research findings and with social exchange theory, it is proposed here that psychological contract breach is positively related to psychological contract violation. Hypothesis 1: Psychological contract breach is positively related to psychological contract violation. Psychological contract breach and employees responses Previous studies have linked psychological contract breach to negative work outcomes (Robinson and Rousseau, 1994; Robinson and Morrison, 1995). When psychological contract breach occurs, employees start reducing their contribution to the organization as they feel that the organization has failed them (Robinson, 1996). Turnover intentions and counterproductive behaviors are employee possibilities of reducing their efforts and contributions towards the organization they work for. Zhao et al. (2007, p.651) define turnover intentions as the subjective probability that an individual will leave his or her organization within a certain period of time. The meta-analytic study shows that there is a positive correlation between psychological contract breach and turnover intentions (r=.42, p Hypothesis 2a: Psychological contract breach will be positively related to turnover intentions. Counterproductive behavior can be seen as destructive reactions toward an organization (Kickul, Neuman, Parker, Finkl, 2002). When employees feel that there psychological contract has been breached their level of commitment and trust in their organization decreases (Ball, Trevino, Sims, 1994) and they might react destructively toward the organization (Kickul et al., 2002). This reaction may be characterized by a set of different deliberate acts that harm the organization or even the organizations stakeholders such as clients, owners or supervisors (Spector and Fox, 2005). Counterproductive behavior is a very broad construct which contains behaviors ranging from theft or sabotage to violence against others (Gruys and Sackett, 2003). Each one of these actions create great problems to the organization and are also economic threats as organizations need to spend money to protect themselves against such actions (Bennett and Robinson, 2000). The employees counterproductive actions may even escalate until the level where they interfere with co-workers jobs or where they give a disrespectful treatment to their supervisors (KicKul et al., 2002). Bordia et al. (2008) found that the psychological contract breach was positively related to both minor offenses (ÃŽÂ ²=0.44,pË‚.001) and major offenses (ÃŽÂ ²=0.49, pË‚.001) of the employees at the work place. Following on their results, we propose that psychological contract breach will be positively related to the employees counterproductive behavior. Hypothesis 2b: Psychological contract breach will be positively related to counterproductive behavior. Psychological contract violation Prior to 1977, the terms psychological contract breach and psychological contract violation were used as synonyms, so much of the existent literature focused on the relationship between psychological contract breach and employees responses. Only after the paper of Robinson and Morrison (1997) the two became the separate concepts as we know them now. In this part of the paper we introduce psychological contract violation as a mediator of the relationship between psychological contract breach and employees reactions. As not all contract breaches results in feelings of violation and not all employees respond negatively to their psychological contract being breached (Morrison and Robinson, 1997; Rousseau 1995, Turnley et al., 2003) we believe that it would be interesting to test whether psychological contract violation could have a mediating effect on the psychological breach employees reactions relationship. One paper that focuses on the mediating role of psychological contract violation is the meta-analysis of Zhao et al. (2007). The authors use affective events theory to explain the relationship between psychological contract breach, affect (violation and mistrust), job attitudes and individual effectiveness. Following this theory, a negative event at the workplace causes negative emotional reactions, which in turn are taught to cause negative work attitudes (Bal et al., 2008). In their study, the authors find psychological contract breach to be a negative event leading to emotional reactions and job attitudes. The authors found that psychological contract violation fully mediated the relationship between psychological contract breach and job satisfaction, organizational commitment and intentions to quit. While psychological contract breach may not always lead to undesirable work-related attitudes, it is expected that employees who experience intensely negative feelings (psychological contract violation) will take some measures (such as leaving the organization or working less) against their organization (Suazo et al., 2005). Based on the affective events theory we expect that psychological contract violation will mediate the relationship between psychological contract breach and employee responses toward the organization they work for. Hypothesis 3a: Psychological contract violation will mediate the relationship between psychological contract breach and employees turnover intention. Hypothesis 3b: Psychological contract violation will mediate the relationship between psychological contract breach and employees counterproductive behavior. 2.5 The moderating role of personality Robinson and Morisson (2000) showed that attributions and fairness perceptions moderate the relationship between psychological contract breach and violation. The authors explain that when employees felt that they were treated unfair there was a stronger relationship between the breach of the psychological contract and an emotional reaction to it, so lower levels of fairness were predicting violation. Other papers suggested that organizational influences and also employees personal dispositions may be predictors of psychological contracts (Rousseau, 1995; 2001). But only little research has been conducted on the relationship between personality and psychological contract breach (Raja et al., 2004; Tallman and Bruning, 2008) even though there are a lot of papers that emphasize the importance of personality on work attitudes such as job performance or job satisfaction (Barrick and Mount, 19921; Judge and Bono, 2001). The focus of this study is to analyze whether personality might moderate the relationship between psychological contract breach and violation. We consider that personality could significantly influence this relationship because personality can explain how people differ in their social interactions, reaction to perceived injustice and attachment of importance to various extrinsic and intrinsic outcomes (Raja et al., 2004, p354). Zhao et al. (2007) also state that future research should focus on personality as a moderator when studying psychological contract breach and outcomes. The personality dimensions used in the paper are derived from the Five-Factor model of personality (Goldberg, 1990) and consists of 5 personality types: Extraversion, Neuroticism (Emotional Stability), Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience. We chose this model of personality because it has been used in a variety of studies (Barrick and Mount, 1991; Judge, Heller and Mount 2002, Raja et al. , 2004) and have been related to numerous work attitudes and behaviors (Costa and McCrae, 1992). Raja et al. (2004) article is one of the very few studies that established a connection between personality and psychological contract breach. These authors studied only the effect of Neuroticism, Extraversion and Conscientiousness, because they were unable to establish a reliable level of measurement for the Agreeableness dimension and considered Openness to Experience to be a too controversial structure. Still, in a more recent study of Tallman and Bruning (2008) the authors were able to measure all of these personality dimensions with the help of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory questionnaire, so we decided to also focus on all five personality aspects and their relation to the psychological contract breach and violation. The authors (Raja et al., 2004) found that employees personalities are related to their contract choice, as people high in neuroticism will tend to choose transactional contracts, while people high in conscientiousness or extraversion prefer relational ones. Transactional contracts are characterized by short-term economically focused attitudes and relational ones by a set of long-term attitudes that include features like loyalty or security (Raja et al., 2004). The authors also found that people who were more sensitive to equity issues (equity sensitivity dimension) were more likely to feel negative emotional reaction when there psychological contract was breached, than people who were more internal (external locus of control dimension). Tallman and Bruning (2008) extended the study of Raja et al. (2004) and the research on the relationship between psychological contracts and personality, by studying the link between employees personality and their beliefs regarding the employees obligations and organizational behavior. The authors linked personality to nine employee psychological contract obligation dimensions: commitment to the organization, commitment to the job, stewardship behaviors, showing initiative, serving the needs of the organization, support in the job, growth, support as a person and existence and their results showed that employees personality explained the variance for 4 out of 9 dimensions. Even more, they found that each of the Five-Model Personality dimensions was related to at least one of the dimensions, indicating that using all the 5 personality types was important for the study. As research has showed personality is an important factor in employees beliefs regarding their psychological contract; this is why we believe that personality might moderate the relationship between psychological contract breach and violation, influencing the extent to which employees perceive there psychological contract being violated and not only breach. The next part of this chapter will be divided according to the Five-Factor Model: Extraversion (1), Neuroticism (Emotional Stability) (2), Conscientiousness (3), Agreeableness (4) and Openness to Experience (5). Extraversion (1) Extroverts are highly sociable, talkative, energetic, ambitious and assertive (Costa, McCrae, 1992). The assertiveness of extroverts is associated with a desire for increased status and salary (Cattell, 1981). Extraversion is associated with high job performance, job satisfaction and team performance (Judge and Ilies, 2002; Judge and Bono, 2000; Kickul and Wiesner, 1997). Previous studies have shown that there is a positive relationship between extraversion on the one hand and job satisfaction (Judge et al., 2002) and organizational commitment (Erdheim et al., 2006) on the other. Even though extroverts are seeking for monetary rewards they tend to form long-term relationships, because in these ones they can develop themselves and have better opportunities to gain a better status and a better income (Tallman and Bruning, 2008). Tallman and Bruning (2008) found that there was a positive correlation between the extroversion personality dimensions and the perceived obligation extrovert people felt organization towards them in fulfilling their growth needs (ÃŽÂ ² = .25, p Extroverts are high performers and they are committed to their organization (Tallman and Bruning, 2008), in addition they are assertive, so they will tend to stand up for their rights. Breaching the psychological contract of extroverted people will probably lead to stronger negative emotional feelings toward the organization they work for than when comparing to introverted people. This is why it is proposed here that extroverts will be more likely to react emotionally to their psychological contract being breached than non-extroverts. Hypothesis 4b: Extraversion moderates the relationship between psychological contract breach and psychological contract violation, so that the relationship between psychological contract breach and psychological contract violation is stronger for extroverts than for introverts. Neuroticism (2) People high in neuroticism are anxious and lack trust in people, and it is said that they are more prone to perceive failures in life (Judge, Higgins, Thoresen, Barick, 1999). They have a greater tendency to pay attention to the negative side of a situation than other people who have a more balanced view of things (Ho, Weingart, Rousseau, 2003). They are usually poor team performers and they fear change (Kichuk and Wiesner, 1997). Previous research has shown a negative relationship between neuroticism and job satisfaction (Judge et al., 2002). Other authors have linked neuroticism to a preference for transactional psychological contracts (Raja et al., 2004) because these contracts do not require much initiative or confidence (Raja et al., 2004). Tallman and Bruning (2008) showed that neuroticism is positively related to the organizations obligations to provide support for the employees and to stewardship behavior. Because people high in neuroticism are more worried and anxious we believe that their reaction to a psychological contract breach would be stronger than that of people emotionally stable. This is why we propose that people high in neuroticism will have stronger emotional reaction and will tend to perceive their psychological contract as being violated. Hypothesis 4a: Neuroticism moderates the relationship between psychological contract breach and psychological contract violation, so that this relationship is stronger for people high in neuroticism than for those low in neuroticism. Conscientiousness (3) Conscientiousness is related to an individuals degree of self-control, need for achievement, order and also persistence (Costa, McRae Dye, 1991). Conscientious people tend to be more concerned with tasks accomplishment than with the task rewards (Stewart, 1996) and are interested in forming long-term employment exchange relationships (Zhao and Chen, 2008). Research has shown that there is a positive relationship between conscientiousness and work-related outcomes such as job satisfaction (Judge et al., 2002) or commitment (Erdheim, 2006). Orvis et al. (2008) tested the hypothesis that conscientiousness moderates the relationship between psychological contract breach and work outcomes. In their study, the authors showed that lower levels of conscientiousness led to a higher level of perceived psychological contract breach and lower levels of job satisfaction, organization loyalty and higher levels of intentions to quit. Raja et al. (2004) also found that there is a strong relation between conscientiousness and psychological contract breach: people with higher levels of conscientiousness perceived lower levels of psychological contract breach. Thus, it is expected here that it is unlikely that conscientious people will feel that their psychological contract has been violated upon perceiving a breach of their psychological contracts. Hypothesis 4c: Conscientiousness moderates the relationship between psychological contract breach and violation, so that the relationship between psychological contract breach and psychological contract violation is stronger for people low in conscientiousness than for those high in conscientiousness. Agreeableness (4) The agreeableness personality dimension refers to a persons preferences for interpersonal interactions that can range from compassion to antagonism (Costa McCrae, 1992). One of the few papers that investigated the relationship between agreeableness and psychological contract breach and work-related outcomes is the paper by Tallman and Bruning (2008). In their research, the authors show that there is a positive correlation between the agreeableness personality dimension and that perceived obligation agreeable people feel their organization has in supporting its employees (ÃŽÂ ²=.20, p Agreeable people value their interpersonal relationships and are characterized as being very interested in maintaining positive relations with the people that surround them (Ho, Weingart, Rousseau, 2003). The fact that agreeable people are more prone to maintaining long-term and pleasant relationship with others might have an effect on their perception of their psychological contract being breached. Because the psychological contract is an agreement made between two parties and involves an interpersonal element, agreeable people might be more tolerant and forgiving so it might make agreeable people feel fewer negative emotional reactions to breach than other personality types. Hypothesis 4b: Agreeableness moderates the relationship between psychological contract breach and violation, so that this relationship is stronger for people low in agreeableness than for those high in agreeableness. Openness to Experience (5) Openness to Experience represents open-minded individuals, who are imaginative, inventive, creative, curious and unconventional (Costa and McCrae, 1992). Open people have a high need for autonomy and tend to be creative and adaptive to change (Costa and Mcrae, 1992). Furthermore, open employees are less likely to feel that they must serve the organization or their managers and will look for organizations that will allow them enough freedom to try new ideas and approaches in their activities (Tallman and Bruning, 2008). Because open employees will look for interesting and challenging jobs, we would consider that they will also seek an organization that supports their decisions and that allows them to grow and satisfy their needs (Tallman and Bruning, 2008). This is why we expect that they might feel strong negative emotions when their freedom is limited or when they dont feel their organizations support. Hypothesis 4e: Openness to experience moderates the relationship between psychological contract breach and violation, so that this relationship is stronger for people high in openness than for those low in openness. Research model In the previous sections four sets of hypothesis were established. As shown in the figure, the principal relation in the paper is the one between psychological contract breach, violation and employees responses (turnover intentions, counterproductive behavior), while personality traits are hypothesized to moderate the relationship between breach and violation. Figure 1. Research model 3. Method 3.1 Sample The study was conducted in the Netherlands and used 3 data sources: full-time or part-time employees in the Netherlands, their supervisors and one of their friends. The questions related to psychological contract breach, psychological contract violation and turnover intentions were answered by the respondent, the questions regarding counterproductive behavior were answered by the respondents supervisor and personality was assessed by obtaining ratings from the respondents friend. We consider that the employee is the best source of information when considering psychological contract breach or violation as he is the only person who knows exactly what were his expectations and beliefs regarding his psychological contract. For the turnover intentions we use the employee as a respondent for similar reasons: he is the only one who can tell about his thoughts on leaving the company he works for. In what concerns the measurement of counterproductive behavior we expect that employees will be more reluctant to state the situations were they were acting accordingly, so we consider that their direct supervisor will give more objective responses. Supervisors ratings were previously used to assess counterproductive behaviors in Bordia et al. (2008) or anticitizenship behaviors in Kickul et al. (2001). We also ask one of the respondents friends to fill in the personality survey because employees might distort their personality scores (Rosse, Stecher, Miller and Levin, 1998) and answer the questions the way they think that they should be answered (Mahar, Cologne and Duck, 1995). The respondents were approached through a press release and invitation which were available to them through different websites like: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The total number of questionnaires spread among the employees was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ from these, only a number à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ participants responded. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. In the beginning the employees were sent an email with the link for completing the survey and after 1 week they also received a reminder. The supervisors and friends were approached through the employee, who received a separate link to forward to its supervisor and friend so that they could participate at the survey. X% of employees were male, X% were female, Y% completed their university education, Y% their secondary education programThe average age of respondents was from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, X% of them were working X hours a week, Y% of them were working Y hours a weekà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ X% of employees reported an organizational tenure of X%, Y% of employees reported an organizational tenure of Y yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Y% of the supervisors were male and Y% were female, Y% completed their university education, Y% their secondary education program The age of ranged from supervisors was from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, X% of them were working X hours a week, Y% of them were working Y hours a weekà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The average organizational tenure of supervisors was T%. The frequency of contact between the supervisor and employee was for X% daily, for Y% weeklyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Z% of the friends were male, Z% were female. Their age range was from X to Y years, X completed their university education, Y% their secondary education program. 3.2 Measurement of variables Control variables The results of this study were controlled for the effects of: gender, age and organizational tenure. Gender was controlled for because employees might be evaluated differently according to gender (Turnley, Bolino, Lester and Bloodgood, 2003). Age was controlled for because age could affect work behavior or could also influence the kind of job people choose and finally, organizational tenure was necessary as a control variable because the length of employment might be related to the number of psychological contracts breaches an employee might experience (Turnley at al., 2003). Psychological contract breach The scale of Robinson and Morrison (2000) was used to assess psychological contract breach (Cronbachs ÃŽÂ ± = .92). The scale consisted of five items that assessed the employees perception of psychological contract breach. An example item is: I feel that my employer has come through in fulfilling the promises made to me when I was hired. Thr

Good vs evil in Shakespeare’s Macbeth Essay

The play ‘Macbeth’ is a very tragic one. It is about the downfall of a hero who is led by temptation to mass murder and cruelty. Shakespeare uses various styles and techniques to display very evidently how Macbeth’s character develops as the story progresses, and thus we see how Macbeth turns from good to evil, from a â€Å"valiant cousin† and â€Å"worthy gentleman† to a â€Å"bloody butcher. † The play tells the story of how a noble warrior, Macbeth, descends into evil after meeting with three witches – supernatural beings who prophesy Macbeth’s destiny. He is told he will become King of Scotland, and this idea of gaining power leads him to murder the king, take his throne and then continue his ‘murder spree’ on seemingly whoever he feels like. Eventually Macbeth is slain and order is restored in Scotland. From the very start we have progressively come to abhor Macbeth, however, we cannot help but feel a certain admiration for him. But much more we have a sense of irony and waste: irony because some sterling qualities have been put to such evil use, waste because Macbeth was a potentially great man who was lost. . Macbeth is a play concerned wholly with the battle between good and evil – throughout the play we continually see signs of a supernatural struggle between the two, with evil ‘winning’ over good when Macbeth murders the king, but then good finally defeating evil when Macbeth is slain. In fact, in the very opening scene we see signs of supernatural happenings and evil – the witches: â€Å"Fair is foul and foul is fair; Hover through the fog and filthy air† Here we see that, to the witches, what is evil is good (â€Å"foul is fair†) and what is good they find repulsive (â€Å"fair is foul†). This seems to be their attitude to life, but it could also be a warning to the audience that things to follow are not what they might seem. The first we hear of Macbeth is with praises to his name. He is called ‘brave Macbeth’, ‘valiant cousin’ and ‘worthy gentleman,’ fighting a war for God, king and country. â€Å"For brave Macbeth – well he deserves that name – Disdaining fortune, with his brandished steel, Which smoked with bloody execution†¦ † However, it is in scene III that good and evil collide, when Macbeth meets with the witches. Some say that this is the beginning of Macbeth’s downfall, as in his first soliloquy he has already thought of the idea of murdering his king. This small seed planted in his mind will soon sprout and he will indeed commit treason. Already, the audience loses their adoration for Macbeth as we see his mental frailty and evil intention. The question at hand is what Macbeth should do; is he determined on evil intent or is divine intervention the answer? He contemplates this, and decides that it is not worthwhile to throw everything away for one guilty conscience, instead the solution is murder. We are soon introduced to Lady Macbeth, and it becomes clear that she is the ambition, the ‘driving force’, behind her husband. To Lady Macbeth, her husband is brave, loving, ambitious yet he is too noble to fulfil the third prophesy. Lady Macbeth then calls upon evil spirits to make her ruthless so she can kill Duncan. â€Å"Come you spirits, That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the top toe-full Of direst cruelty; make thick my blood. † After reading the letter, she already has a plan brewing. However, she fears Macbeth’s nature. ‘yet I do fear thy nature, it is too full o’th’milk of human kindness’, ‘Thou wouldst be great, Art not without ambition, but without the illness should attend it’, ‘What thou wouldst highly, that wouldst thou holily; wouldst not play false, And yet wouldst wrongly win. ‘ The planning of the murder of Duncan is one of the most important sections of this tragedy. Here we see a conflict in Macbeth’s character, one side wants him to commit the murder, while the other wants to let fate take its course. In a way it is due to his wife that Macbeth is finally persuaded into committing treason. This shows one of the flaws in his character, which Shakespeare exposes. A while after Macbeth has certain misgivings about the affair. In his mind he argues out the advantages and disadvantages. The good side of him says that ‘he’s here in double trust’ ‘I am his kinsman and subject’, ‘as his host who should against his murderers shut the door, not bear the knife myself. ‘ The more cunning party says that ‘ his virtues will plead like angels trumpet-tongued against the deep-damnation of his taking off’, ‘but only vaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself and falls on the other’,’twere well it were done quickly’, ‘but this blow might be and the end all here’, ‘bloody instructions, which being taught, return to plague th’ inventor. ‘ Yet he cannot maintain this spark of morality as, under the influence of his wife he commits treachery. After the murder Macbeth experienced remorse, guilt and regret, still revealing his nobility. â€Å"I am afraid to think what I have done† he says. He is troubled by his conscience, he realizes that he is cut off from heaven. He is in fact so hampered in his actions by the conflict between his knowledge that he has committed the crime and his abhorrence of it, that he becomes immobile. Macbeth’s evil is so great that he cannot even say amen to his prayer â€Å",I could not say amen. † By now he realizes he is too deep into his acts of violence to turn back. Macbeth has confused the values of good and evil. That is, he has confused fair and foul, which confusion has all along been the devil’s aim. Macbeth has completely committed himself to evil. Macbeth still thinks of himself as a man, and as such would rather die than suffer the indignity of being ‘baited with the rabble’s curse. ‘ This feeling in him reminds us of the worthy Macbeth at the beginning of the play. We also see that he still has the courage to act on his convictions, desperate though that courage may be. For he knows now that he must die. He fights as a man. Macduff and Macbeth fight which signifies the ever on-going battle between good and evil. Eventually Macbeth is slain and the evil has been stopped in Scotland – good has triumphed, as Malcom is crowned the new King.

Mental Accounting And Its Effect On Consumer Decision Making

Consumers’ choices can fall prey to discrepancies that can arise in cognitive accounting but by learning when and how one falls prey to these, they can improve their decision-making process. Mental accounting affects a consumer’s decision making because it allows consumers to account for their monetary funds in different ways. The mental accounting principle is â€Å"the set of cognitive operations used by individuals to code, categorize and evaluate financial activities† (Thaler, 2008). This can occur when a consumer divides their funds into sections such current income, current wealth, or future income (Argosy University, 2015). Reason is the basis of the standard economic theory, while the mental accounting principle forms its foundation on a combination of perceived value, the way gains and losses are coded, and reference outcomes (Thaler, 2008). The mental accounting principle can affect consumer decision-making in multiple ways. One of the most common ways is through segregate gains and integrate losses. The basic principle of segregate gains is an item that is more desirable due to multiple options or included extras will influence the customer’s purchase (Thaler, 2008). On the other hand, integrate loss is when a consumer would prefer to combine their loss instead of multiples (Thaler, 2008). Another aspect that can affect consumer decision-making is the Transaction Utility Theory where a customer determines the perceived value of getting a good value or â€Å"deal†Show MoreRelatedAbstract for Choices, Values, and Frame1319 Words   |  6 PagesAmeriacn Psychologist, 39 (4) Abstract This article discuss when consumers feel a certain price which is bringing the loss rather than the income, they are more sensitive to price. Consumers are feeling a certain price more cost-effective manner and the other a less cost-effective. They will accord the cognitive psychological evaluation to exhibit a completely different personal attitude and decision making. Economic decision making theory has always been that people are fundamentally rational animalRead MoreCost Allocation Decisions Are Important1723 Words   |  7 PagesCost allocation decisions are important. There are several ways to support allocation method decisions by documenting the activity that caused the costs to be incurred, identifying the benefits received as a result of incurring the cost, Justifying that the cost is reasonable or fair with the other party in a contract, and showing that the cost object has the ability to bear the cost. Some of the different allocation methods are joint costs, sunk costs, and opportunity costs. For example, a companyRead MoreHow Does Lovallo And Kahneman s Inside View?1650 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom the â€Å"outside view†? Contrast the entrepreneur and venture capitalist. How can a firm or organization maximize the extent to which its managers take the outside view in their decisions? Individuals and organizations are often influenced by the â€Å"inside view† when making decisions. Excessive optimism leads decision makers to budget, plan for, and forecast outcomes of important projects based on their specific views of the unique project at hand. They often feel that they are most aware of allRead MoreThe Effects Of Ageism On The Delivery Of Nursing Care For The Older Person1736 Words   |  7 PagesAgeism, also known as ageist, is accompanied by a lot of false accusations and assumptions about the elderly population. Ageist assumptions that can be held by some health care practitioners include that the elderly often have untreatable medical and mental issues, senility is a natural process of aging, elderly people are asexual and that the elderly are preoccupied with death (Snellman, 2016). These attitudes aid as a barrier to establishing and maintaining effective, therapeutic relationships withRead MoreEffects Of Teen Drug Abuse. Many Teenagers Across T he Country898 Words   |  4 Pages Effects Of Teen Drug Abuse Many teenagers across the country experiment with drugs. While most of them only do it once or twice, other teenagers or young adults create lifelong addictions. There are many reasons why people try drugs, leaving a deadly and devastating effect on anyone unlucky enough to be the person using or be close to the person using. Drugs can cause teens to begin abusing, create health problems, get people in serious trouble, or even lead to death. As teenagers grow older,Read MoreEnvironmental and Consumer Influences Analysis1426 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental and Consumer Influences Analysis PSY 322 Don Crabtree Environmental and Consumer Influences Analysis A consumer’s product selection, whether it is an item or a service, is influenced by a number of competing factors. All of those factors can make the process easier, or more difficult, depending upon the consumer’s own decision making process. Social, political, psychological, cultural, and legal processes, to name a few, all influence the consumer’s decision making processRead MoreBehavioral Finance And Its Effects On The Behavior Of Financial Practitioners And The Subsequent Effect On Markets2103 Words   |  9 Pageswhy individual investors make irrational financial decisions. According to Sewell (2007), â€Å"Behavioural finance is the study of the influence of psychology on the behaviour of financial practitioners and the subsequent effect on markets.† The science focuses on the effects of individual investors making decisions based on â€Å"hunches or emotions.† Ritter (2003, p.429), describes behavioural finance is based on psychology which suggests that human decision processes are subject to several cognitive illusionsRead MoreNew Public Management ( Npm )1383 Words   |  6 Pagesvalue to their work because they have the autonomy to make decisions. Besides, in the case of hybridisation, where the medical profession obtain calculative skills is also seen to improve accountability. (Kurunmaki) Both factors help in making them more accountable because they will have an influence over the entire process, rather than leaving the economic part to external party that may not be able to grasp the significance of the decisions. Consider an example where a pregnant woman can choose betweenRead MoreEmpowerment Is The Decision Making Process Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pagesmanagement decisions and in so doing improve the performance of the organization. In the past decade, business practitioners and organizational researchers have attached concept of empowerment in the workplace. Even, until at present, the literature has lacked unity on a definition or operationalization of empowerment in the workplace. In summary, empowerment is the management behavior where managers share with the rest of the organizational members their impact in the decision-making procedure thatRead MoreThe Structure Of Supply Chains1324 Words   |  6 PagesClimate change, in 21st century, is an increasingly alarming issue and its negatively far-reaching effects on humanity can no longer denied. In terms of businesses, enterprises must seal their ultimate goal – maximising profit – with environmental protection because â€Å"consumers concern about global climate change within the context of sustainable consumption† (Newman et al. 2012, p. 511). The structures of supply chains, specifically, are believably one of the most vulnerable to e nvironmental changes